Author, Year	Sample	Intervention	Dependent Variables	Findings Overview
[b@139881]	35 individuals with SCI or MS (26 for the intervention group, 18 for the comparison or waitlist control)	Project Shake-It-Up: an intervention for capacity building and health promotion on self-efficacy and the ability to set and achieve goals, recognize supports, and navigate barriers to goal attainment.	Self-efficacy (quantitatively measured) and independent living skills (qualitatively measured)	There was a statistically significant difference in the change in self-efficacy scores for intervention participants compared to the control. Participants gained independent-living skills and confidence in their abilities to set and achieve a variety of goals.
[b@139882]	1616 low income, uninsured working adults with mental, behavioral, and physical health conditions	The Working Well case management intervention included health navigation, employment/vocational supports, expedited appointments, free medications, and no co-pays for medical visits.	Participant outcomes were measured through surveys, health claims data, and state agency employment data.	Intervention group participants reported greater access to care, greater likelihood of outpatient medical visits, and less likelihood of receiving SSI/SSDI benefits.
[b@139883]	51 participants with physical disabilities (29 for the intervention group, 22 for the control group)	Strength-based Flourishing Intervention consisted of three sessions focusing on raising awareness on human strengths and positive experiences, identifying personal strengths, and applying personal strengths to promote specific domains of flourishing.	Resilience, flourishing	Changes in resilience in the intervention group were significantly greater than those in the control group across the course of the study period. The interventions demonstrated the short-term effects on resilience; however, the immediate effects were not significant.
[b@139884]	773 HIV-positive individuals at 7 sites (pre-test, post-test)	Number of outreach program contacts	Gaps in primary care	When participants received nine or more contacts during the first 3 months of their programs, they were about half as likely to have a substantial gap (defined as 4 months or more) in primary care during the first 12 months of follow-up.
[b@139885]	237 physiotherapy patients with chronic back pain living in an economically deprived area (118 in the exercise group, 119 in the physiotherapy group)	Back to Fitness program (exercise class for back pain patients with cognitive-behavioral components to encourage participants to use their spines normally and increase activity).	Main outcome measure: disability Secondary measures: quality of life, health-related quality of life, and pain self-efficacy	There were no statistically significant differences in change scores between groups on the primary outcome measure at three months and 12 months. Only minor improvements in disability scores were observed in the Back to Fitness group at three months and 12 months.
[b@139887]	48 adults with chronic illnesses living in a poor, rural, underserved area	An interactive chronic disease self-management program (CDSMP) based on Bandura’s self-efficacy theory	Self-efficacy, self-efficacy health, and self-management behaviors	There was a significant improvement in self-efficacy. Although not statistically significant, improvement was also noted in two other self-management behaviors: walking and communication with health care providers.
[b@139889]	299 individuals with HIV living in rural areas (84 Information Support Group Intervention, 108 Coping Improvement Group Intervention, 107 controls)	Two different 8-session group interventions delivered by phone: Information Support Group (psychoeducation with discussion) and Coping Improvement Group (cognitive-behavioral coping skills development).	Depression and a variety of psychological functioning measures.	No treatment condition reduced depressive and psychological symptoms; however, Information Support participants received significantly more support from friends at follow-ups and reported fewer barriers to health care and social services at 4-month follow-up than participants in the other two conditions.
[b@139891]	78 individuals with hepatitis C (HCV) with high rates of poverty, trauma, and incarceration (pre-test, post-test design)	Low-barrier, multidisciplinary community-based support program to provide HCV treatment and support to people who use illicit drugs and/or have mental health issues.	Primary outcome: self-reported overall health Secondary outcomes: mental health, substance use, housing, income stability, and access to health care	Self-reported overall health did not improve during the study period. Housing status and income showed significant improvement. The proportion of participants with stable housing and participants receiving income from provincial disability benefits increased significantly.
[b@139892]	102 disadvantaged adults with intellectual disabilities living in Scotland (54 treatment, 48 control)	The Walk Well program consisted of three face-to-face physical activity consultations incorporating behavior change techniques, written resources for participants and carers, and an individualized, structured walking program	Mean step count per day, percentage time sedentary, percentage time in moderate-vigorous physical activity, BMI, subjective well-being.	There was no significant difference in mean step per day between the Walk Well and control group There were no significant between-group differences in percentage time sedentary, percentage time in moderate-vigorous physical activity, BMI, or subjective well-being.
[b@139893]	35 low-income cancer survivors (15 in the intervention, 20 in the controls)	A 3-component intervention that included (a) development of one-on-one participant-provider support relationships; (b) attendance at 6 weekly classes; and (c) follow-up support	Health promotion self-efficacy, health promotion behaviors, quality of life.	Findings indicate the health promotion intervention improved cancer survivors’ self-efficacy and increased their use of health-promoting behaviors.
[b@139894]	40 adults from underserved areas showing baseline limitations in physical functioning (pre-test, post-test)	12-week line dancing intervention	Physical functioning and disability	Significant improvements in upper and lower extremity activities were noted at 12 weeks and maintained at 18 weeks.
[b@139895]	189 individuals with severe mental illness in outpatient mental health programs (pre-test, post-test)	7-session small group cognitive-behavioral HIV risk-reduction program	HIV risk knowledge, high-risk sexual behavior, risk reduction behavior intention, condom use	Participants increased their condom use, had a higher percentage of intercourse occasions protected by condoms, and held more positive attitudes toward condoms. Most results diminished by a 12-month follow-up.
[b@139896]	75 adults with severe mental illness (27 in the treatment, 48 in the controls)	Providing stable housing without first requiring treatment adherence or sobriety	Substance use and substance abuse treatment	The housing first group had significantly lower rates of substance use and substance abuse treatment utilization; they were also significantly less likely to leave their program.
[b@139898]	466 disadvantaged women with HIV/AIDS (4 intervention groups; 2X2 factorial design)	Stress Management and Relaxation Training/Expressive-Supportive Therapy: cognitive-behavioral stress management and the expressive therapy training program, as well as nutrition counseling	Improvements to dietary habits	Dietary patterns for all participants improved after the nutrition intervention primarily due to decreases in high fat and high sugar foods such as soda and fried foods and were still significantly better 18 months later.
[b@139899]	40 HIV-positive Latinos of Mexican descent on the U.S.-Mexico border who indicated imperfect adherence and depressive symptomatology (20 intervention, 20 controls)	Culturally adapted cognitive-behavioral therapy for adherence and depression with an alarmed pillbox	Depressive symptoms (self-report and blind clinician ratings), adherence (self-report and electronic pillbox), and biological markers.	Generalized estimating equations in intent-to-treat analyses showed some effects of ‘‘moderate’’ to ‘‘large’’ size, with maintenance over time. For example, intervention (vs. control) participants demonstrated at post-intervention a greater drop in BDI scores (OR = -3.64, p = 0.05) and greater adherence according to the electronic pillbox (OR = 3.78, p = 0.03).
[b@139900]	441 low-income participants with poorly controlled diabetes, hypertension, or hyperlipidemia	Health coaching by trained, certified medical assistants who interact with patients during medical visits, individual visits, and by phone calls.	Quality of care received assessed by patient report	Using medical assistants trained in health coaching significantly improved the quality of care that low-income patients with poorly controlled chronic diseases reported receiving from their healthcare team.
[b@139901]	54 sexually active substance users with HIV living in rural Alabama (pre-test, post-test)	Interactive Voice Response (IVR) system was used for 4–10 weeks to report substance use, sexual practices, and social and economic contextual variables related to HIV risk.	Healthy behaviors such as medical care, safe sex, substance use	Frequent (n = 22), infrequent (n = 22), and non-caller (n = 10) groups were analyzed. Non-callers had shorter durations of HIV medical care and lower safer sex self-efficacy and tended to be older heterosexuals. Among callers, frequent callers had lost less social support. Also, a reduction in risky sex and drug use with IVR self-monitored over time was noted.